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Because a lab report is argumentative – in that you are examining a claim and determining the legitimacy of this claim by producing and gather evidence – it is frequently a wise decision to conclude your report with the same technique you utilized for establishing your main point.
Students who pursue a Biology course will have to encounter lab experiments of different kinds. Because of this, there is a likelihood that you might be assigned to write Biology lab reports. The primary purpose of a report is only to determine how you have performed your experiments, how much you have learned from them and finally how you will submit the knowledge accurately.You need to check out a well-written Biology lab report example so that you may be in a position to get more knowledge about how to write a successful assignment and get high grades. To become a competent writer, you can follow these tips on how to write Biology lab report. Creating a Title that’s Clear and BriefIn this section, you are required to give an idea about the analysis that is clear. Therefore, you must not overthink about the title but elaborate about the experiment. To bring the point home, don’t use sentences that are more than ten wordsA title should state the main aim of your experiment and the same principle of not using more than ten words in a sentence is still applied here.
Just in case a title page may be required, you need to consult your examiner concerning the specific format that is required for the page. Include Your Name As You Write Your Title PageIf you want to receive credit for the work done, you are required to include your name in that report, in case you did it alone. However, if you did the work as a group, you need to add the names of all the people in your group. The IntroductionThe beginning of a lab report one should state the primary purpose of the experiment. Your theory should include the presentation and a brief statement that’s intended to test your hypothesis.Primarily, an introduction is the framework for the Biology lab report and shows you the importance of studying. Elaborate the reason that you were reviewing and why it is significant, and the methods that you are using to gain the knowledge.
How You Present Your TheoryHere, you should state the observations that you expected to observe and the course of the experiment. The approach will not always be confirmed by the outcome, but there is a prediction that will be made before experimenting.
A theory that is good, should be started like this, “we had a hypothesis, and in the end, as we had anticipated, the results of the experiment were that A has affected B. Background Information for the Reader to Know Why the Analysis is RequiredOne needs to include in this part a background that covers the theory to the research. First of all, you are required to define the terminology; and in doing this, you are to explain this in the introduction.Use vocabulary that is appropriate to explain exactly what it is that you are doing because in truth, your choice of words reflects what`s happening within your report. Writing an Abstract in the Biology Lab ReportIn this section, you are required to mention the lab reports in a summary of the whole experiment. The abstract must also cover the methods that have been used together with the main result. Often in this section, only one paragraph is required (that is about 200-300 words in length).An abstract comes typically at the beginning of a Biology lab report; after the title. The trick used in a lab report must be to compose it after everything else has been completed.
Listing All the Materials and Procedures that Are Used in the LabMaterial descriptions are to be made in an explanation that is procedural. This can include specific amounts, times and measurements. You are needed to write a highly detailed procedure for your experiments, without any inclusion of unnecessary information that may leave a reader overwhelmed.
Describe whatever you have gathered, specimens, factors that may affect the analysis among others. Write in Past TenseA report should not read like a manual for instructions, but like you are accounting for what you have done. In this section, it is advisable to use the first-person perspective by using either passive or active voice. Some requirements based on academics are best used in the view of the third person. You are needed to write your report as straightforward and as comfortable as possible.
Explaining the ResultsAll the data in this part of your biology lab report that is factual is required to be brought forth from the experiment. You are supposed to begin with the text first and then to show your data. You could use visual aids like diagrams, tables, pie charts, and graphs to make your work easier.Though these visual aids are quite conspicuous to the eye, one needs to explain more about their data in a given text. An example can be that, bacteria are increasing in population by the influence of high temperature. However, the community of bacteria has now decreased because the levels of temperature had also reduced. Organization of the DataThe presenting of data in an organized manner is something prudent. This enables a reader to understand the biology lab report quickly.
Ensure that every table, pie chart, graph, is well labeled so that in the paragraph that is accompanying it explains the information that is contained. Writing the ConclusionThis section is mainly composed of the summary of data and should not be copied word for word from the data section of the Biology lab report. Discussing the Possible Errors in the ExperimentYou are to comment on whatever you think may have caused the mistake. You need to give an explanation about how the analysis is to be corrected and discuss the errors that can be verified by the data in your study. Present the Conclusion in a Systematic WayThis is where you are required to interpret the results of an experiment by agreeing or disagreeing with the theory, and you must elaborate why. The goal here is to merely convince the reader that you are well conversant with the data and have intelligently considered it. You can easily do this by stating something such as, The theory was accepted because then you can proceed with your explanation.
Have a Considerable Conclusion of About 1-2 PagesOne should note that having a long conclusion does not make it necessarily better. The information can be presented in a way that is relevant to your conclusion and in a manner that is well organized.Summarize your work in such a way that you will thoroughly discuss the information at hand. You are required to address whether there were any errors made or not and if you have learned something new or not. Also, you should state whether there is something about the experiment that can be improved on. Giving Credit Where It’s DeservedAlways ensure that the sources where you get your information are appropriately credited. This is because you would not want your work to be discredited for a task of forgetting to cite a source.
You need to be aware issues concerning plagiarism are considered to be a severe offense whenever writing any type of report, biology lab reports included!As you cite a source, note the format to maintain consistency in your Biology lab report. So, the way you are to cite a source is to first of all beginning with the name of the author for example “Crew Jonathan”. Note that the last name is the one to start then followed by the first. The first initial year example can be “1998 was the year of publishing.” Paraphrasing the Ideas You Borrowed from Others in Your ReportIn the field of science, some professors don’t like quotations in a Biology lab report. They prefer if one would paraphrase the ideas borrowed from sources and convey the information into text in their own words. Craft the data in such a way that your phrasing may seem original and unique.As you paraphrase, it is easy to confuse information hence making it the reason as to why people are advised not just to change some words, but ensure that the primary idea is still clear to the reader. How to Format Your Lab ReportAt all times, to be on the safer side, you are required to have a font size of 12 as you present your work.
Unless specified otherwise, it is much advisable to use the fonts that are referred to as traditional. Examples of such font types include; are New Times Roman and Arial.Also, make sure that the margins are 5 inches at least. This is because there are many recommendations for this, but most professors prefer reports that have margins that are at least 1 inch apart. Therefore, it is only prudent for you to check with your professor to see what is agreed upon in your class.Another thing that you should be keen for is page numbers. For you to be in a position to present work that is admired by the professor, make sure that you number the pages of your biology lab report. You can either put the numbers at the top or the bottom of the page, according to your preference or that of the professor.
Check for any additional information such as your final name of which you can add in each page.All in all, make sure to check with your professor for the recommended biology lab report format to follow. Some institutions also have a general format or template which you should stick to make sure to confirm if this is the case for you. Our essay writing service is tailored to fit your budget. Even with the affordable prices we have on offer, we’ve ensured that the quality of work we deliver will exceed your expectations. We have only affordable prices for you, and we offer a quality service. ConclusionAlways remember that Biology lab assignments are tasks mainly meant for individual students. Therefore, if you are assigned a lab partner, it would be best for you to make sure that the work you do is personal because this material can be easily tested again in the exam.
Anyway, all having been said, these are the tips to having an excellent lab report. We hope they will be of much help to you.
Also, make sure to go through a biology lab report sample to see how others have done theirs.
Example of a well-written lab reportReturn to Example of a(single-spaced to conserve paper; yours should be double-spaced to leave room for comments)Ontogenetic Color Change and Mating Cues in Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae)Carey Booth Box 123 Biology 102 2 February 1995 Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: FridayAbstractOntogenetic color change at sexual maturation can be useful in identifying an appropriate mate for some organisms. Largus californicus individuals undergo two ontogenetic color changes. First instars are bright red, second through fifth instars are shiny blue-black, and adults are black with orange markings. Adult male mating behavior suggested that the change in color from fifth instars to adults might enable males to discriminate between nymphs and adults. Males mount adults and persist if they have mounted a female and quickly release if they have mounted another male. Males were never observed to mount nymphs.
Female color patterns were altered and male's copulatory attempts were timed to determine if color pattern was used by males in mating decisions. The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior could not be rejected, therefore the significance of the color change from nymph to adult must be sought elsewhere.IntroductionOntogenetic color change at the time of sexual maturation has been shown to be advantageous to fish (Fricke 1980), reptiles (Werner, 1978), and birds (Lyon and Montgomerie, 1986). In general, dull-colored juveniles avoid predation risk and harassment by breeding males, and sexually mature individuals use bright colors to advertise their readiness to mate (Booth, 1990a). In insects, mating cues are often chemical rather than visual (Jacobson, 1972), but there are some exceptions. In diurnal Lepidoptera, adult color pattern plays an important role in the initial phase of mating behavior (Graham et al., 1980). In holometabolous insects, such as Lepidoptera, maturation is associated with dramatic morphological changes, therefore distinguishing between larvae and adults for mating attempts is not difficult. The recognition of maturity is more difficult in hemimetabolous insects where late instars may be similar to adults in size and shape.
The possibility that ontogenetic color change in some Hemiptera may have evolved as an indication of maturation has not been investigated experimentally.The mating behavior of male Largus californicus suggests that males may be using visual cues, perhaps in addition to pheromonal cues, to distinguish between fifth instars and adults for mating attempts. Fifth instars are shiny blue-black and almost adult-sized. Adults (both males and females) are black with orange borders around the thickened portion of the hemelytra and pronotum (Booth, 1990b). Although males were never observed to mount nymphs, they do mount other adults, and persist if they have mounted a female or release within a few seconds if they have mounted another male. Their distinctive courtship behavior allows an observer to identify immediately the initiation of a mating event.
This consists of the male orienting towards the female when he is approximately 1 cm away, rapidly waving his antennae, leaping onto the female's back, and agitatedly grabbing the female with his legs. As their genitals do not immediately join, it is possible to separate a pair before they actually mate.These bugs do not fly and are easily handled and painted without significantly disrupting their normal behavior. Experiments were designed to determine if males use color cues in their mating decision and if their behavior could explain the significance of the ontogenetic color change from fifth instars to adults. The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior was tested.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was performed outdoors at the Main Campus Reserve at the University of California, Santa Barbara on January 31, 1988. Bugs were collected from the Reserve on the morning of the testing day. Tests were performed when the bugs are normally active (1030 to 1430 hours) and control tests were interspersed between experimental tests so that time of day, temperature, cloudiness, and other environmental variables would be approximately the same between experiment and control.An acrylic black paint and clear finish were used in each treatment. The first treatment was black paint and clear finish on the ventral surface of the female to control for the smell of the paints without altering the black and orange pattern on the dorsum.
The second treatment was clear finish on the dorsum to control for covering the dorsal surface, which may reduce any scent emitted or otherwise affect the female's behavior. The third treatment was black paint on the dorsum to mimic the color of the fifth instars. The three treatments will be referred to as normal, clear, and black for brevity.One female was used for all three treatments to hold other aspects (size, shape, scent) of the female's attractiveness constant. The order of presentation of the three treatments was necessarily the same for all males, as the one female in each experiment could only have black paint added after the normal and clear treatments.
This design allows for a repeated measures analysis of variance as each male is tested with the same female under three different paint conditions.After each painting, the female was placed in a clear plastic 9 x 7 x 3 cm box. Males were held separately in labeled plastic petri dishes. Each male was introduced one at a time into the box at the point farthest from the female.
He was removed when he mounted the female or after an arbitrarily chosen time of 270 seconds had elapsed, whichever came first. The time to mount or 270 seconds (no-mount) was recorded.
The pair was separated before their genitalia joined so no actual mating occurred. After all 15 males were tested, the female was painted for the next treatment and the males were tested in the same order.To control for the possibility of males tiring by the second or third trial, a similar number of different males were tested three times each with one untreated female; i.e. No changes were made to the female between trials.
Trials were alternated between experimental and control males throughout the day of testing. A total of two females (one experimental and one control) and 29 males (15 experimental and 14 control) were used.Statistical analyses were performed using the StatView program on a Macintosh microcomputer. One-way, repeated measures ANOVAs were used to test for differences in males' time to mount among the three treatments and among the three control trials.ResultsNo significant differences were found in males' time to mount among the three treatments or among the three control trials based on a repeated measures ANOVA (Table 1). Males mounted black painted females as readily as females with the typical black and orange pattern.There was a slight, but not significant, increase in male's mean time to mount for the black treatment as compared to the normal and clear treatments (Figure 1). The 95% confidence intervals were also larger for the black treatment.
The first control trial had a slightly larger, but not significantly different, male's mean time to mount as compared to the second and third trials (Figure 2). The male's mean times to mount were lower for the three control trials than for the three experimental treatments.Because the maximal time males were allowed to stay in the box without mounting the female was chosen arbitrarily, the one case where a male did not mount the female within the allotted 270 seconds could have biased the results (Table 1). After excluding the mount time for the male that failed to mount, the results did not differ qualitatively from the above: no significant differences were found.DiscussionBy using one female for all three color treatments, any non-color aspects of the female's attractiveness were held constant. As the null hypothesis (that males' time to mount is not significantly affected by color of the female) was not rejected, males evidently used those other traits in seeking a mate.
The male behavior of mounting other adults (male or female) and not nymphs may indicate that there are pheromonal differences between nymphs and adults but not between adult males and females. Males release other males rapidly once contact has been made, so chemical cues transferred by touch or other close range signals (such as sound) may be used to distinguish males from females. There are slight shape differences between nymphs and adults (nymphs are more spherical) that could possibly be used by males in mating decisions. Other experiments are necessary to determine the nature of the communication between adults and between adults and nymphs.Among hemipterans, several species use pheromones as mating cues. Males of the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) release a pheromone that attracts females, males, late-stage nymphs, and a parasitoid (Aldrich et al., 1987). Females of Dysdercus cingulatus and Pyrrhocoris apterus also produce substances attractive to males (Osmani and Naidu, 1967; Zdarek, 1970). As these last two species are in the same superfamily (Pyrrhocoroidea) as L.
Californicus, it is possible that L. Californicus females also produce a pheromone that is attractive to males. However, several species in the family Largidae, including L. Cinctus (a close relative of L. Californicus), have minimal development of the metathoracic scent gland evaporative area (Schaefer, 1972), so their use of pheromonal communication may be limited. The use of pheromones does not rule out the possibility that visual cues may also be important.ReferencesAldrich, J. Kochansky and J.
Pheromone strains of the cosmopolitan pest, Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). 244: 171-175.Booth, C.
Evolutionary significance of ontogenetic colour change in animals. 40: 125-163.Booth, C. Biology of Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae). Southwestern Naturalist 35: 15-22.Fricke, H.
Juvenile-adult colour patterns and coexistence in the territorial coral reef fish Pomacanthus imperator. 1: 133-141.Graham, S. Metabolic resource allocation vs. Mating attractiveness: Adaptive pressures on the 'alba' polymorphism of Colias butterflies. 77: 3615-3619.Jacobson, M. Insect sex pheromones. Academic Press, New York.Lyon, B.
Delayed plumage maturation in passerine birds: reliable signaling by subordinate males? Evolution 40: 605-615.Osmani, Z. Evidence of sex attractant in female Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr. 5: 51.Schaefer, C. Degree of metathoracic scent-gland development in the trichophorous Heteroptera (Hemiptera).
65: 810-821.Werner, D. On the biology of Tropidurus delanonis, Baur (Iguanidae). 47: 337-395.Zdarek, J.
Examples Of A Lab Report Introduction
Mating behaviour in the bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera): ontogeny and its environmental control. Behaviour 37: 253-268.Table 1.
Laboratory Report Format
Repeated measures ANOVA on males' time to mount female (in seconds). Treatment or Trialnumber malesmean time a ± SEM bnumber no-mountsANOVA Between TreatmentsF cdf dP eExperiment fNormalClearBlack15151543.9 ± 10.935.4 ± 6.164.7 ± 20.50011.42 2,28 0.26Control gTrial 1Trial 2Trial 314141430.4 ± 7.219.0 ± 3.819.6 ± 5.40001.34 2, 26 0.28a Males' copulatory attempts were timed from point of entry into female container.b SEM = standard error of the meanc F = F statisticd df = degrees of freedom for numerator, denominatore P = probability valuef Each Largus californicus male was tested with the same female under three different paint conditions. Black and clear paint on the dorsum = Normal treatment. Clear paint on the dorsum = Clear treatment. Black paint on the dorsum = Black treatment to mimic the color of the fifth instar larva.g Different males were tested three times each with one untreated female = Control trials 1-3.Figure 1: Mean male mount time (sec) with 95% confidence intervals under three experimental conditions. Each Largus californicus male was tested for time to mount (attempting copulation) with the same female under three different paint conditions. Normal = Black and clear paint on the dorsum to control for odor of paints.
Clear = Clear paint on the dorsum to control for covering the dorsal surface. Black = Black paint on the dorsum to mimic the color of the fifth instar larva.Figure 2: Mean male mount time (sec) with 95% confidence intervals for three control trials. Different Largus californicus males were tested for time to mount (attempting copulation) three times each with one untreated female to control for order of presentation in the experimental treatments.